Understanding Plant and Animal Cells for GCSE Combined Science AQA
Size and Function
In the building blocks of life, cells play a fundamental role in both plants and animals. They are the fundamental units of life and carry out essential functions for the organism's survival.
Plant and animal cells differ in size and function. Plant cells are typically larger than animal cells, ranging from 10 to 100 micrometers in diameter, while animal cells are typically 10 to 30 micrometers in diameter.
Plant Cells
Plant cells are specialized for photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert sunlight into energy. They contain chloroplasts, which are membrane-bound organelles that contain green pigment called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll absorbs sunlight and uses it to produce glucose, a type of sugar that plants use for energy.
Animal Cells
Animal cells are not specialized for photosynthesis and do not contain chloroplasts. They rely on consuming other organisms to obtain energy. Animal cells are typically more mobile than plant cells. They can move by changing their shape and crawling or swimming.
Sub-cellular Structures
Both plant and animal cells contain various sub-cellular structures that perform specific functions.
Subcellular Structures in Animal Cells
- Nucleus: Contains the cell's genetic material (DNA).
- Cytoplasm: A gel-like substance that fills the cell.
- Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): A network of membranes that helps transport materials within the cell.
- Golgi apparatus: A stack of membranes that modifies and packages proteins and other materials.
- Mitochondria: The powerhouses of the cell, responsible for generating energy.
- Lysosomes: Contain enzymes that break down waste products.
- Vacuoles: Store substances.
Subcellular Structures in Plant Cells
In addition to the structures found in animal cells, plant cells also contain:
- Chloroplasts: Contain chlorophyll and perform photosynthesis.
- Cell wall: A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support.
- Large central vacuole: Stores water and helps maintain cell shape.
Revision Resources
To learn more about plant and animal cells for GCSE Combined Science AQA, consider the following resources:
- BBC Bitesize: Cells and their functions
- Save My Exams: Animal Plant Cells
- Cambridge O Level Biology Revision Notes: Animal Cells
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